In this report, the Responsible Mining Foundation considers what is getting in the way of accelerated progress on ESG issues and fundamental rights across the industry. Closing the gaps presents a systemic view of opportunities and critical conditions for accelerating progress on responsible mining. The report looks at key aspects of the ‘ecosystem’ – actors and their interactions – of relevance to responsible mining, including those in the mineral value chain and those with influence on industry practices and the global system, such as governments, investors, lenders, downstream customers, industry associations, voluntary initiatives, civil society and labour unions. The report pinpoints where the most radical and urgent shifts are needed to normalise mining activities that are responsible towards people and the planet.